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Noopept

Limited human data

Also known as: GVS-111 · N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester

A synthetic dipeptide developed as a piracetam analogue, sold as a prescription nootropic in Russia for cognitive impairment following stroke and traumatic brain injury. A recurring name in international nootropic-stacking discussions despite thin Western trial data.

Mechanism (plain language)

Proposed to modulate glutamatergic (AMPA/NMDA) signaling and neurotrophic factor pathways; preclinical work also links it to reduced amyloid-beta-related toxicity and tau hyperphosphorylation in cell models.

What research suggests

Russian comparative and open-label human studies report improved cognitive test scores in patients with vascular or traumatic mild cognitive impairment, with noopept performing comparably to or better than piracetam at a much lower dose in some comparisons.

Uncertainties & risks

Human trials are concentrated in a small number of Russian research groups and in clinical (post-stroke/TBI) rather than healthy populations; independent replication in healthy users chasing cognitive enhancement is lacking. Not FDA-approved in the US.

STACKD study summaries

Start with our in-house roundups—plain-language synthesis of the research, with primary sources cited at the bottom of each.

Primary sources

Secondary citations for verification. Prefer the STACKD summary above for context before opening these.